Flax Seed and Its Health Benefits: A Review Article
Abstract
Flaxseed, a small brown seed produced from the blue flowers of the flax crop (Linum usitatissimum) grown in the Canadian prairies, is the richest plant source of the u-3 PUFA, aLinolenic acid (ALA; C18:3n-3). Flaxseed exists in 4 main forms: whole seed, ground, partially defatted flaxseed meal and flaxseed oil. Flaxseed accumulates many biologically active compound including linolenic acid, linoleic acid, lignans, cyclic peptides, polysaccharides, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, and cadmium. Where it helps to prevent many chronic disease.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Oomah, B. D. (2001). Flaxseed as a functional food source. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81, 889-894.
Diederichsen, A., Raney, J. P., & Duguid, S. D. (2006). Variation of mucilage in flax seed and its relationship with other seed characters. Crop Science, 46, 365-371.
CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. (2009). Agency response letter to GRAS notice no. GRN 000280: Food. available at http://www. fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/Noticeinventory/ucm181935.htm Accessed 20.08.14
Clark, W. F., Parbtani, A., Huff, M. W., Spanner, E., de Salis, H., Chin- Yee, I., et al. (1995). Flaxseed: A potential treatment for lupus nephritis. Kidney International, 48, 475-480.
Serraino, M., & Thompson, L. U. (1991). The effect of flaxseed supplementation on early risk markers for mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Letters, 60, 135-142.
Thompson, L. U., Seidl, M. M., Rickard, S. E., Orcheson, L. J., & Fong, H. H. (1996). Antitumorigenic effect of a mammalian lignin precursor from flaxseed. Nutrition and Cancer, 26, 159-165.
Dodin, S., Lemay, A., Jacques, H., Le´gare´, F., Forest, J.C., and Maˆsse, B. (2005). The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density and symptoms in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(3): 1390– 1397.
Breslow, J.L., (2006). n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83(6 Suppl): 1477S–1482S.
Kurzer, M.S., & Xu, X., (1997) Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Nutr 17, 353–381.
Plutzky, J., (2004) Inflammation in atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 5, 255–259.
Hu, F.B., Meigs, J.B., Li, T.Y., Rifai, N., & Manson, J.E., (2004) Inflammatory markers and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes 53, 693–700.
Duncan, B.B., Schmidt, M.I., Pankow, J.S., Ballantyne, C.M., Couper, D., Vigo, A., Hoogeveen, R., Folsom, A.R., & Heiss, G., (2003) Low-grade systemic inflammation and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 52, 1799–1805.
Bhathena, S.J., & Velasquez, M.T., (2002) Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 76,1191–1201.
Bloedon, L.T., & Szapary, P.O., (2004) Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk. Nutr Rev 62, 18–27. Si H & Liu D (2007) Phytochemical genistein in the regulation of vascular function: New insights. Curr Med Chem 14, 2581–2589.
Si, H., & Liu, D., (2007) Phytochemical genistein in the regulation of vascular function: new insights. Curr Med Chem 14,2581–2589.
Hutchins, A. M., Cunnane, S. C., Domitrovich, S. G., Adams, E. R., & Bobowiec, C. E. (2013). Daily flaxseed consumption improves glycemic control in obese men and women with pre-diabetes: A randomized study. Nutrition Research, 33(5), 367-375.
Jensen, M.D., Ryan, D.H., Apovian, C.M., Ard, J.D., Comuzzie, A.G., Donato, K.A., et al. (2013) AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the obesity society. Circulation. 2014; 129(25 Suppl 2):S102–38.
Esmaillzadeh, A., Mirmiran, P., Azizi, F.,(2005) Whole grain intake and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in Tehranian adults. Am J Clin Nutr.;81:55–63.
Esmaillzadeh, A., Kimiagar, M., Mehrabi, Y., Azadbakht, L., Hu, F.B., Willett, W.C., (2006) Fruit and vegetable intakes, c-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr.;84:1489–97.
Lemieux, I., Pascot, A., Prud'homme, D., Alméras, N., Bogaty, P., Nadeau, A., et al. (2001) Elevated c-reactive protein. Another component of the aterosthrombotic profile of abdominal obesity. Arterioscl Throm Vas.;21:961–7.
Kris-etherton, P.M., Harris, W.S., Appel, L.J., (2002) Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation.; 106:2747–57.
Hansson, G.K., (2001) Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Arterioscl Throm Vas. 21:1876–90.
Couillard, C., Ruel, G., Archer, W.R., Pomerleau, S., Bergeron, J., Couture, P., et al. (2005) Circulating levels of oxidative stress markers and endothelial adhesion molecules in men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocr Metab.90:6454–9.
Paschos, G., Zampelas, A., Panagiotakos, D.B., Katsiougiannis, S., Griffin, B.,Votteas, V., et al. (2007) Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic men. Eur J Nutr.; 46:315–20.
Shoelson, S.E., LEE, J., Goldfine, A.B., (2007) Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest.;116:1793–801
Fantuzzi, G., Mazzone, T., (2007) Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis. Exploring the connection. Arterioscl Throm Vas.;27:996–1003.
Fukumitsu, S., Aida, K., Ueno, N., Ozawa, S., Takahashi, Y., Kobori, M., (2008) Flaxseed lignan attenuates high fat diet induced fat accumulation and induces adiponectin expression in mice. Brit J Nutr.; 100:669–76.
Hallund, J., Tetens, I., Bugel, S., Tholstrup, T., Bruun, J.M., (2008) The effect of a lignin complex isolated from flaxseed on inflammation markers in healthy postmenopausal women. Nutr Metab Cardiovas.; 18:497–502.
Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., Friday, G., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., et al. (2007) American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2007 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee
and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 115(5): e69–e171.
Erkkila, A.T., Lehto, S., Pyo¨rala¨, K., & Uusitupa, M.I. (2003). n-3 Fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78(1): 65–71.
Prasad, K., (2005) Hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effect of flax lignin complex isolated from flaxseed. Atherosclerosis.; 179:269–75.
Pan, A., Wahnefried, W.D., Xingwang, Y., Yu, Z., Li, H., Qi, Q., et al. (2008) Effects of a derived lignan supplement on C-reactive protein, IL-6 and retinol binding protein 4 in type 2 diabetic patients. Brit J Nutr.; 74:1–5.
Arts, I.C.W., Hollman, P.C.H., (2005) Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr.;81:317S–25S.
Ander, B.P., Weber, A.R., Rampersad, P.P., Gilchrist, J.S., Pierce, G.N., and Lukas, A. (2004). Dietary flaxseed protects against ventricular fibrillation induced by ischemia-reperfusion in normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J. Nutr. 134(12): 3250–3256.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.